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Tense has general characteristics and its various uses in referencing present, past, and future time. As has been previously covered, tense is not a generic term for time in language nor is it the only time element with which linguists are concerned. Instead it is one of five universal attributes of language used to convey time information. The other attributes are inherently tied to tense and the relationship of all five are so intertwined that each can rarely be discussed without consideration of all of them together. Tenses is however a very straight forward but confusing concept. It is purely a manner of expressing the contrast between two temporal references. The primary reference for determining tense is always the present. Except for in cases of reported or quoted speech that happens in either the past or future, this makes it easy for determining the primary temporal reference because most of the time it’s present and thus doesn’t require further analysis. The position of the secondary temporal reference and its relative distance from TUTT is what actually determines tense. If the secondary reference occurs earlier than the primary reference (or visually, to the left of it) the tense of the utterance is past
