Teach English in Jalandhar Cantt. - TEFL Courses

The unit summarizes the main points about parts of speech. Nouns Name people, animals, things, places, states and qualities. Main types are common (dog),proper (Russia), compound (bus stop), abstract (hope), collective (flock. Plural of nouns created mostly by s or es (after ch, sh,x,s. In case of consonant + Y at the end - Y becomes i + es (city - cities. Exceptions are tooth - teeth, etc. Countable nouns - a, an, the and can be used in plural (a house, an egg, the house). Uncountable - no a, an, or plural. Adjectives describe people and things in order size, age, color, material, noun. They can be compared: have comparative form (one two syllable adjectives get er at the end, if there is a consonant + y change change y to i + er, longer adj. gets more in front of it beautiful - more beautiful), short vowel + t,d,n - double the consonants thin- thinner, the superlative - adj. + -est, or adding the most in front of them if long (the most difficult exercise). There are exceptions like good-better-best. Articles - definite (the) used Before particular noun in singular or plural,when we refer to not specific member of a group use a (before noun or an before a consonant), if there is an adjective before the noun the same rules apply. Specific rules for geographical uses, for example, do not use the countries, cities, streets, etc. Use the before rivers, oceans, points of the globe, deserts. The is used before uncountable nouns made more specific by limiting - the coffee in my cup is hot. O article before nouns in general sense - tea is not a popular drink, or general ideas and usually pluralized - I do not like men. Some nouns are used without articles when with prepositions - to/at college,by day. Verbs express actions or states and form basis of sentences along with a subject. They can be transitive (followed directly by an object - cook the dinner)but they sometimes can be used as intransitive verbs as well. And intransitive verbs often refer to time, place, frequency, are not followed directly by an object but can be used as transitive verbs, too. Verbs base form is infinitive with to in front, to write, to speak, etc. Main forms: base, past simple, past participle, present participle. Regular verbs use -ed, and -ing, irregular - change their Past forms - be, was/were/been, being. Auxiliary verbs help to form tenses or expressions (be, do, have). Adverbs add a meaning or information to an action. Types - manner (well), place (above), time(now), degree (very), etc. Adverbs are usually formed by -ly to an adjective, slow-slowly, exceptions are tidy - tidily, fast- fast. We place them after an object of a transitive verb, or immediately after an intransitive verb. Order in a sentence: place, manner, time. Gerunds are -ing forms of a verb used as a noun (playing tennis is fun). Some verbs are followed by Gerunds (admit, consider, delay, etc.). Pronouns are used in place of precise nouns. Personal - I, me, you, he, she, her, we, us, it, they, them. Possessive - Mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs, its (no apostrophe, not followed by noun. Reflective -myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves. Relative- who, which, that, whose (used to connect clauses). the man that I marry will be kind. Possessive pronouns are often confused with possessive adjectives (mine-my, ours-our, yours-you,theirs-their, its-its, his-his, hers-her. Prepositions show a relationship nouns or pronouns with other words in a sentence. Main types - time/Date (at, on, by, before, etc.), movement (from, to, in, etc,), place/position (in, at, on, by, etc.). Conjunctions connect words or groups in a sentence. Pairs of nouns, adjectives and so on. And, but, or, nor, yet, both...and, either..or, neither...nor, etc. Conjunctions also join clauses of sentences. For example, He went to work as soon as she arrived.