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There are three different times in English: the present, the past and the future. Each of these times has four aspects: simple, continuous, perfect and perfect continuous. Twelve in all. Each of them has three forms: affirmative or positive, negative and question. Present tense has 4 tenses: present simple, present countinuous, present perfect and present perfect continuous. The present simple forms its affirmative: subject + base forms. For third person singular form we add –s or –es. For negative and question we use auxiliary verbs “do” and “does”. We use “does” for third person singular form and for the rest we use “do”. Negative is formed: subject + aux. verb “do/does” + base form. And question: aux.verb “do” + subject +base form. e.g. I brush my teeth every day. Do I brush my teeth every day? I don’t brush my teeth every day. We use the present simple for routine and habitual actions, permanent situations and general facts. The present continuous is made with the auxiliary verb “to be” and the present participle (verb + ing). I am working right now. Negative: subject + aux. verb “be” + not + verb + ing Question: aux. verb “be” + subject + verb + ing We use it for actions in progress at the time of speaking, temporary action around the time of speaking and to describe a changing/developing situation. The present perfect relates the past to the present. We form it: Affirmative: subject + aux. verb “have/has” + past participle Question: aux. verb “have/has” + subject + past participle Negative: subject + aux. verb “have/has” + not + past participle e.g. He has already finished his homework. Has he already finished his homework? He has not finished his homework yet? We use this tense for completed actions at an indefinite time/general experience, something which began in the past and continues at the time of speaking and for past actions with present results. The present perfect continuous forms: Affirmative: subject + aux. verb “have/has” + been + verb + ing Question: aux. verb “have/has” + subject + been + verb + ing Negative: subject + aux. verb “have/has” + not + been + verb + ing e.g. We have been singing. Have we been singing? We have not been singing. We use this tense to communicate an incomplete and ongoing activity when we want to say how long it has continued.
