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Just like unit 4 which elobarated English tenses ( preset tense ) , this Unit also gives an elaborate knowledge on another tense Past tense .The simple past tense form for regular verbs: (add -ed/-d the base form of the verb) for the affirmative form , ( add "did not" or "didn`t" before the base form ) for the negative form and ( add "did"plus subkect before the base form ) for the question form .As for the irregular verbs there is no rule for their formation .The simple past tense can be use to for past action when the time is given , when the time is asked about ,when the action actually took place at a definite time even though the time is not mentioned etc .Also the past comtinuous tense which is the past tense of the auxiliary verb be (was /were )+the present participle (verb+ing) with the affirmative form (subject +was/were +verb+ing) , Negative form( subject+was/were +not verb+ing) and the question form ( was/were+subject +verb+ing).The past continuous tense can use for interrupted past actions ,used without a time expression can indicate gradual development that took place in the past etc . While the past perfect can be use as the past equivalent of the present perfect and the affirmative form is formed by ( subject +had+past participle) , Negative form(subject +had+not+ past participle ) and the question form(had+subject+past participle). More so, the past perfect continuous tense which isn`t the most frequenty used or taught tense in English has one use which is to talk about longer actions or situations in the past that had been going on continuously up to the past moment that we are thinking about with the affirmative form (subject +had+been+verb+ing), Negative form ( subject+had+not+been+verb+ing),and question form ( had+subject+been+verb+ing).With the knowledge of the formation and usage of the past tenses teaching it will more effective . 7. Vocabulary is very important to the students ,especially at the early stages when students are motivated to learn the basic words they need to get by in the language . In this unit I learnt that how easy of difficult vocabulary items is will largely depend on : similarity to students ‘own language ,similarity to English word already known, spelling and pronunciation and appropriacy. Also , the following criteria can be used when selecting vocabulary :appropriacy to students ,appropriacy to the task ,teachibility( beginners need very clear and visual language) etc .When teaching vocabulary students need to know ; the meaning , use , word grammar ,interaction, spelling and pronunciation of the vocabulary items being taught .I also learnt about some techniques to use when teaching vocabulary. At the engage stage: realia,mime and action ,pictures ,contrast etc can be helpful ,study activities include :Gap-fill exercises ,word sentences ,crosswords etc . The activate stage of the vocabulary lesson can include such activities as: role_play, simulation, story building, debate etc. Introducing grammatical structures, which new language structures we introduce are largely determined by the level of the class and the course syllabus? Thus teaching grammatical structures students need to know the meaning, use, forms and patterns, spoken and written forms .Discussion, prompting, questions and answers etc, can be a very useful techniques for presenting and practicing language structures. While gap-fill, intonation and pattern, information gap, choral and individual repetition etc (study stage) and communication games.
